Thursday, May 21, 2020

Marilynne Robinsons Essay Darwinism - 1340 Words

Marilynne Robinson’s Essay â€Å"Darwinism† Introduction to Christian Theology REL 103 Kaitlyn Spencer Marilynne Robinson is a Pulitzer-winning novelist who has graced us with her essays found in The Death of Adam. Robinson gives the read the feeling of being much more educated than he or she really is. These essays provide readers with different ways of discussing history, religion and society. They, although difficult to comprehend at times, are flawlessly argued and, throughout, are grounded in universal human experience. When reading them, it is hard not to be persuaded, especially if reading them with an open mind. One of her most intriguing essays is that of Darwinism. Darwinism is one of the†¦show more content†¦The controversy between the two ideologies has been around for many years and continues to exist today. Robinson, in her essay, claims that while Creationism is owned by â€Å"Religious Right†, Darwinism is owned by â€Å"Irreligious Right†2. She writes that the differences between the two are meaningless and that the people who defend religion ma ke religion seem foolish while the defenders of science attributed to objectivity. Many people believe that Creationism and Darwinism do not belong together and are about as similar as cats and dogs. Just as there are cat people and dog people, there are people who stick to one belief or the other in the creation versus evolution debate. Robinson disagrees, however, and says that Creationism is probably the best thing that has happened to Darwinism. Darwinism, she writes, is â€Å"the caricature of religion that has seemed to justify Darwinist contempt for the whole of religion†3. Robinson also wrote a novel called Gilead, which discusses the fictional memories of a pastor in Iowa. In this novel, Robinson writes, â€Å"There are two occasions when the sacred beauty of Creation becomes dazzlingly apparent, and they occur together. One is when we feel our mortal insufficiency to the world, and the other is when we feel the world’s mortal insufficiency to us†4. Rob inson is a firm believer in the Creationist approach and refutes the idea of evolution. However, she does believe that Creationism helps

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Powder Oral Water Soluble Drugs - 1036 Words

About 70% of the new chemcial ntities are recognized as poorly water-soluble about 40% of commercially available immediate-release oral formulations are recognized as practically insoluble in water (Kawabata et al., 2001). Therefore, several potentially promising drug candidtates were rejected as pharmaceutical products due to ther poor solubilitty in GI fluid, poor dissolution in GI tract, low systemic absorption and thus poor oral bioavailability (therapeutically ineffective) (Hà ¶rter and Dressman, 2001). Therefore, enhancing the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs is one of the major challenges in pharmaceutical industry. The study was performed to improve the compactibility and the biopharmaceutical performance of xylitol by improving its physicomechanical properties to make it better suited for tableting using direct compression. To this end, antisolvent crystallization technique was employed in the presence of various additives, i.e., polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol with a molecular weight (PVA22000) or 16000 (PVA16000) at varying concentrations (0.06%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 1.2%, w/v). The size and morphological changes induced by crystallization the in presence of the additives were studied. The dissolution performance of crystallized xylitols formulated with a model poorly water-soluble drug, i.e. indomethacin, in comparison to commercial xylitol were also evaluated. Materials and MethodsShow MoreRelatedEssential Drug Delivery Route Is No Doubt The Oral Route1408 Words   |  6 Pages The most essential drug delivery route is no doubt the oral route. It has advantages like convenience of administration and less developed cost. Drugs administered by oral route are solid oral dosage forms particularly tablets, the preferred class of product. Today drug delivery companies are concentrating on solid oral drug delivery systems that suggestion increased patient amenability and effect. Melt in mouth tablet (MMT)Read MoreTherapeutic Response Of A Drug Depends Upon The Dissolution Rate Of Water Insoluble Drugs Essay2676 Words   |  11 PagesTherapeutic response of a drug depends upon the bioavailability which in turn depends upon the solubility and dissolution rate of drug. A solubility problem is a major challenge for the pharmaceutical industry with developments of new pharmaceutical products. There are various techniques but liquisolid compact is a new and promising method that can change the dissolution rate of water insoluble drugs. According to the concept of liqui solid systems water-insoluble drugs dissolved in suitable non-volatileRead MoreVirtual Pharmaceutical: How It Works2390 Words   |  10 PagesOur company name: Virtual Pharmaceutical Drug name: VPL874C (Market name = Betatrix) Possible indications = migraine prophylaxis, hypertension, coronary heart disease Problem – want oral dosage form. - but has short half life (3-4hr) Solution – oral dosage form with extended release which releases drug slowly so that the plasma concentrations are maintained at a therapeutic level for a prolonged period of time (usually between 8 and 12 hours). Recent extended release formulationsRead MoreThe Human Gastrointestinal Track Is A Complex Time9513 Words   |  39 Pagesmetabolizing, and excretive organ. Key of physiological factors that control absorption of drugs from the GIT include gastric, fluid and food intake, bulk fluid and luminal pH, gastric and intestinal secretions, absorptive mechanisms, enterocyte-based metabolism and secretion. Properties of a drug, such as its solubility, stability, ionization, and lipophilicity, strongly influence the rate and extent of drug absorption from GI lumen. Critical assessment of fundamental physicochemical properties andRead MoreAntiepileptic Activity And Pharmacognostical Study Of Leaves Of Sphaeranthus Indicus Linn1087 Words   |  5 Pagespharmaceutical drugs are from natural products or either derivatives of natural products. The presently available AEDs (Antiepileptic drugs )i.e., phenobarbitone, benzodiazepine, sodium valproate and ethosuximide are associated with a number of s hort comings, dose related neurotoxicity and other side effects. Though AED therapy is meant for a long duration usage , because of this , there is a risk of drug interactions and this problem is further compounded by the high protein bindings for some drugs and potentialRead MoreHow Riluzole Is A Derivative Of Benzothiazole Essay724 Words   |  3 Pagesto slight yellow powder soluble in dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide and methanol, freely soluble in dichloromethane, sparingly soluble in 0.1 N HCl and very slightly soluble in water and 0.1 N NaOH. Riluzole is available as a capsule-shaped, white, film-coated tablet for oral administration. Each tablet contains 50 mg of riluzole. It is marketed by Sanofi-Aventis with the brand name Rilutek. 2.11.3 Side-effects or damaging effects Riluzole is a very good neuroprotective drug, but it has someRead MorePowder X: Ray Diffraction1726 Words   |  7 PagesPowder X–Ray Diffraction Powder X–ray diffraction (PXRD) was used to provide an insight into the polymorphic nature of xylitols. The PXRD patterns of all xylitols were collected on a Bruker D8 Advance (Siemens, D5000, Germany) powder diffractometer with Cu KÃŽ ± radiation (1.54056 Ã…) using the DIFFRACplus software. Samples were placed into a stainless steel holder and the surface of each powder was levelled manually for analysis. Each sample was scanned from 2 to 40 of 2ÃŽ ¸ with a step size of 0.019 ºRead MoreDrug Profile : Drugs And Drugs1406 Words   |  6 PagesLevel 1: Drug Profile Coursework Drug substance: Pioglitazone Name: Cheong Hung Shing Student number: 40168923 Assessor: Dr P. McCague â€Æ' ï  ¬ 1.1 Source Pioglitazone is one kind of thiazolidinediones which is a type of anti-diabetic drugs. It is a synthetic substance. It has brand names of Actos ®. [1][2] ï  ¬ 1.2 Description Pioglitazone is 5-[[4-[2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione. It has a chemical formula of C19H20N2O3S and a molecular weight of 356.4387 g/molRead MoreAcetate : A Synthetic Nonapeptide And Analogue Of Naturally Occurring Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone1547 Words   |  7 Pages_ OOCCH,), has a very low octanol-water partition coefficient ( Adjei et al., 1989). Pharmacology and Clinical Use Leuprolide acetate is used in the treatment of prostate cancer, it is given subcutaneously and also a single dose per month intravenous administration (Adjei et al., 1989). Leuprolide has a poor oral bioavailability which is due to enzymatic degradation and its inability to permeate through the gut membrane. Due to limits of parenteral routes of drug administration, several researchesRead MoreRisperdal (Risperidone) Has Been Used For A Number Of Different1690 Words   |  7 Pages(Risperidone): Side Effects, Interactions, Warning, Dosage Uses, 2016). Risperdal Tablets are intended for oral administration. There are also other ways of administration available but we will be focusing mostly on the Risperdal Tablets with a few references to other administrations. Risperidone is a whitish powder which is insoluble in water, freely soluble in methylene chloride, and soluble in methanol. The inactive ingredients in Risperidone include colloidal silicon dioxide, hypromellose, lactose

The Hispanic Community Free Essays

Based on the United States (U. S. ) Census Bureau in 2011, there were roughly 52 million Hispanics living in the nation, which represented about 16. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hispanic Community or any similar topic only for you Order Now 7% of the total population (Zepeda, 2011). People of Hispanic origin are the nation’s largest ethnic minority group (Zepeda, 2011). Arizona’s Hispanic population grew faster than other groups over the past decade (Zepeda, 2011). Arizona had nearly 1. 9 million Hispanic residents as of April 2010, an increase of 46% over the previous decade (Zepeda, 2011). By tradition, the Hispanic family is dependent on one another and possesses the most important social unit (Zepeda, 2011). In the Hispanic culture, it is customary to be morally responsible for other family members and help them in their time of need when they are experiencing financial problems, unemployment, poor health conditions, and other life issues (Zedpeda, 2011). Respect for the elderly and authority is a major point of teaching as well as preserving the Spanish language within the family (Zepeda, 2011). The Hispanic population have low rates of educational attainment, family income, insurance coverage, and a higher rate of poverty compared to non-Hispanic Whites (â€Å"Summary health statistics†, 2012). Value/Belief Pattern The Hispanic community is predominately Catholic (â€Å"Transcultural nursing†, n. d. ). Hispanics consider health to be â€Å"a gift from God and should not be taken for granted† (â€Å"Transcultural nursing†, n. d. , para. 1). Illness prevention is practiced through prayer, wearing religious medals or amulets, and by keeping certain home artifacts (â€Å"Transcultural nursing†, n. d. ). They are present-oriented and thus may fail to seek preventive care (â€Å"Transcultural nursing†, n. d. ). They may arrive late or not go to appointments (â€Å"Transcultural nursing†, n. d. ). Their culture emphasizes family interdependence over independence (â€Å"Transcultural nursing†, n. d. ). In times of illness, they depend on family and friends for assistance as opposed to social workers. (â€Å"Transcultural nursing†, n. d). Health Perception/Management Pattern The Hispanic culture emphasizes wellness rather than illness and holistic ideologies pertaining to health (Young, 2001). Decisions to seek medical assistance and treatment are often based upon cost, which frequently results in utilizing a licensed physician as a last resort (Young, 2001). They mostly rely on home treatments and community healers (Young, 2001). Many barriers exist for Hispanics to obtain high quality healthcare, including lack of insurance, socioeconomic status, language, and communication challenges. The most frequent minority health issues in Tucson, Arizona are heart disease, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and HIV/AIDS. The top three leading causes of Hispanic deaths in Arizona are from cardiovascular disease, heart disease, and cancer (ADHS, 2009). Nutrition/Metabolic Pattern The Hispanic population has a low intake of vitamins A, D, E, B2, B6, folic acid, and minerals (Ortega, Lopez, Serra, 2004). According to a 2009 report on emergency food distribution in the U. S. , Hispanic children had a higher rate of food assistance (29%) compared to Whites (11%) (Feeding America, 2010). The obesity rate among Hispanics in Arizona (33. 1%) is disproportionately high and exceeds the national Hispanic obesity average of 30. 6%. The three sources of water supply in Tucson are groundwater, Colorado River water, and recycled water . Specific foods and drinks like beverages, caffeine/energy drinks, carbonated beverages, whole fat milk, sport drinks, fried food and fruit/vegetable drinks are prohibited in school campuses. Elimination Pattern (Environmental Health Concerns) Hispanics are environmentally friendly. According to research, Latino Americans (Hispanics) â€Å"are the greenest population in the U. S. † (Arsian, 2011, para. 1) as they tend to look for greener products for their daily use. Many environmental issues affect Hispanics. Research shows that Hispanic children of low-income families are â€Å"more likely to live in unsafe areas with poor street environments† (Zhu Lee, 2008, p. 282). In 2009, Hispanics had the second highest percentage of those residing in inadequate housing (CDC, 2011). In 2006, about 25% of Hispanics resided in counties that exceeded fine particulate matter standards for air – representing the highest percentage of any ethnic group (CDC, 2011). Activity/Exercise Pattern Hispanics have a low physical activity level which has contributed to their elevated obesity rate (Lee Laffrey, 2008). In a survey, over 67% of Hispanics did not exercise at least 150 minutes per week as national guidelines recommend (Bautista, Reininger, Gay, Barroso, McCormick, 2011). More men than women and more single individuals than married individuals exercise (Lee Laffrey, 2008). The three most preferred methods of exercise are walking/running, stretching and resistance activities, and aerobics (Lee Laffrey, 2008). Sleep/Rest Pattern Research shows that Hispanics are at greater risk for reduced sleep hours and sleep disorders like apnea (Loredo et al. , 2010). Tucson’s Children’s Assessment of Sleep Apnea Study compared Hispanic and Caucasian children residing in Tucson, Arizona. Hispanics were found to have a 3% increase of sleep disorders compared to Caucasians of the same age group residing within the same geopolitical area (Quan, Goodwin, Babar, Kaemingk, Morgan, 2003). A hypothesis for differences is unclear; it is possible that socioeconomic variables with the ability to speak limited English may have had a reflection on this study (Quan, Goodwin, Babar, Kaemingk, Morgan, 2003). Cognitive/Perceptual Pattern Disparity exists among the Hispanic population in Tucson, which is growing into a majority status while lagging in educational attainment (Tucson Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, n. d. ). Low educational attainment is linked to low earning power and poverty. Educational and social deficits in perception/cognition may be based on the inability for many Hispanic residents to effectively assimilate to Western society. This is a border community in which many residents continue to reside in Mexico while maintaining a home in Tucson. This appears to decrease acculturation, education, and communication by minimizing the use of English as a second language. Self-Perception/Self-Concept Pattern Hispanics usually place a great importance on their look and appearance as it is viewed as a sense of honor, dignity, and pride (Zepeda, 2011). They prefer to dress formally for church attendance, parties, and other social gatherings, but recently jeans and tennis shoes are becoming more popular among the women (Zepeda, 2011). Another cultural habit is that they are flexible about time when attending social events – they tend to be less punctual than other populations in the nation (Zepeda, 2011). Lastly, Hispanics are shy about public speaking because of their heavy accent (Zepeda, 2011). Role/Relationship Pattern The Hispanic family usually lives as an extended family, playing an important role in the life of each family member (â€Å"Understanding the Hispanic/Latino†, n.  d. ). They place family needs ahead of their own (â€Å"Understanding the Hispanic/Latino†, n. d. ). Children are taught to be respectful of authority, the elderly, and of members of the extended family (â€Å"Understanding the Hispanic/Latino†, n. d. ). Most often the father is the head of the family and the mother has responsibilities for the home (Zepeda, 2011). They also believe in order to succeed and advance in life, a child or individual needs the whole family’s support (â€Å"Understanding the Hispanic/Latino†, n. d). Sexuality/Reproductive Pattern Hispanics have one of the highest birth rates in the United States – yet they face prenatal health care disparities that predispose them to pregnancy related complications (Jarvis, 2012). Hispanic women are not as likely to receive family planning services (Martinez, Chandra, Febo-Vazquez, Mosher, 2013). In Southern Arizona, they have the highest birth, teen pregnancy, abortion, and birth to unwed mother rates (â€Å"Abortions†, 2013; AZDHS, 2011). They were also the highest user of the state’s Medicaid program to pay for births (AZDHS, 2011). Coping/Stress Pattern Violent crime is up 16. 6% compared to 2011 and crime over all is up 15. 6% compared to the previous year. Tucson’s poverty rates remained among the nation’s highest last year, with 1 in 5 living below the poverty threshold. Between October 1, 2012 and March 31, 2013 there were 22,161 incoming communications to the Child Abuse Hotline that met the criteria for a report of abuse or neglect. Compared to one year ago there has been an 8. 3 % increase in reports received by the CPS Hotline. Statistics have shown that there are approximately 25,043 marijuana users, 10,967 prescription drug and 4,103 cocaine addicts, 1,862 abusing hallucinogens, 1,046 people that use inhalants, and 232 heroin addicts. About 145 people will die from alcohol and 29 lives will be lost to illicit drug use. Conclusion The Hispanic population of Southwestern Arizona has increased exponentially in the last decade. Hispanics in the Tucson area take great pride in their cultural heritage. They are family and spiritually oriented. They take pride in their appearance and honor family by caring for one another in time of need. Several factors facilitating unhealthy lifestyle habits were identified for this community. One hypothesis is relative to the geographical area of Tucson, Arizona. Being a border community could cause resistance to acculturation and assimilation of mainstream society. â€Å"Hispanics residing in U. S border communities tend to be less acculturated and have higher poverty rates† (Ghaddar, Brown, Paggan, Diaz, 2010, p. 191). Poverty rates in the Tucson area remained among the highest in the nation for 2012. Socioeconomic disparities, lack of educational attainment, and communication challenges compounded by lack of access to affordable health care have left this community with many opportunities for community intervention and health care promotion. Specific areas of concern are unplanned pregnancies, nutritional deficiencies with a disproportionately high rate of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Additional health care preventative programs assimilated to the unique needs of this population will assist to provide improved health outcomes for a community in need. How to cite The Hispanic Community, Papers