Heschel vs. Buber The Long

Introduction: Where the Problem Is Such is the nature of theology that certain questions are hard to find the right answer to. Only with help of long, devastating debates, the truth can be finally found and perceived as a part of the life pattern.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Heschel vs. Buber: The Long-Lasting Debates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although Buber’s idea of speaking to God directly and Buber’s approach to the tragedy that is known in the world history under the name of Holocaust is quite clear and easy to understand, his arguments are still erroneous, which Heschel manages to prove. Considering the arguments that Heschel drives to criticize Buber, one can approach the ideas that Heschel was trying to convey in his book. Considering the conflict between the Truth and the nature of a man, Heschel clarifies that the discreet, open dialogue between a man and God is completely impos sible. Trying to find out whether the dialogue between a man and God must be direct and discreet, the author clarifies certain controversial concepts about the relationships between a man and the Lord from Heschel’s point of view. Comparing his ideas to the ones expressed by Buber, Heschel makes it clear that establishing the above-mentioned dialogue is far from being that easy. Therefore, the problem needs much more consideration than Buber suggests. On the Conflicting Issues: Opposing Buber’s Ideas Despite the impressiveness of Buber’s ideas and the fact that there is a doubtless intrigue in Buber’s considerations, Heschel makes it clear that the obedience to God and following the postulates that the Bible gives people makes one of the most important parts of serving the Lord. Herefrom, Heschel marks, the key problem roots. â€Å"What is Truth as available to us? Ii it a curse, a path toward defeat laden with torment? Are we doomed to live with delusio n while searching for Truth in vain? We spend a lifetime looking for the key, and when we find it, we discover that we do not know where the lock is†1. Thus, the author considers the problem of the belief and the issues underlying it.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Putting Two and Two Together: Heschel’s Idea of Holocaust Although it is obvious that the idea of Holocaust has been taken to demonstrate the principles of the belief that Heschel was trying to convey to the public, it is evident that the author suggests the viewpoint that is rather unusual and thus interesting to consider. It is peculiar that the very argument with Buber takes only a single sentence, yet it is one of the most impressive elements of the piece. However, it would be logical to mention Buber’s idea first. What the latter suggests is the open dialogue with God, so that a man could understand the purpose of the belief and see what the sufferings of a man are for. There is no doubt that Buber views certain historical experience of the humankind as unnecessary sufferings that many people have had to survive in vain. Following the train of Buber’s thoughts, one can notice that the author claims that certain historical events have been too cruel for people to continue believing in God, which means that there must be certain explanation for them. However, as a man asks the Lord for the meaning of these trials, there is no answer for the prayers; as a result, one is slowly getting disappointed in the belief and in the ideas that the Bible inspired him/her on. â€Å"Heaven is silent to us, and only through the nooks of written and oral tradition is God’s will made known to us as to what we shall do or not do†2. Therefore, it is obvious that Buber considers that the dialogue between a man and the Lord could solve a number of complicacies. In this context, Buber mentions the events known in the world history as Holocaust, the tragic death of millions of Jews during the period of the Nazi reign in Germany. Mentioning the dreadful experience of the people who managed to survive the tortures of Holocaust, Buber emphasizes that these victims of the most unbelievable cruelty were driven to deny the faith: â€Å"How is a Jewish life still possible after Auschwitz? I would like to frame this question more correctly: how is a life with God still possible in a time in which there is an Auschwitz?†3. Losing the link with God, a man loses his faith, Buber emphasized.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Heschel vs. Buber: The Long-Lasting Debates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At this point, the opinions of the authors cross. Making it clear that the faith stems from the trust in the Lord, Heschel clarifies that one does not need to understand what underlies thi s or that historical event to believe. It is the blind faith that makes the true believer, Heschel marks: â€Å"God is Truth. We carry out His orders, pour water into leaking barrels, believing in the activity for its own sake. Is it conceivable that God who is Truth would be deceiving us?†4. What Heschel builds his argument around is the remark of Buber: Nothing can make me believe in God, if he be good, is not the author of all things, as many assert, but he is the cause of a few things only, and not of most things that occur to men; for few are the goods of human life, and many are the evils, and the good only is to be attributed to him; of the evil things other causes have to be discovered†5 Considering this conclusion n obvious misconception, Heschel explains that only when serving God blindly, without trying to understand what underlies the events occurring in life, one can reach the idea of what the faith is. Using the Holocaust as the brightest example of how th e ordeals from the up above must be taken, Heschel clarifies that the idea of faith is to accept without demanding for explanations. It must be admitted though that his argument reaches beyond the idea of the â€Å"good† and the â€Å"evil†. According to Heschel, the very idea of the divine stretches beyond the notions of the evil and the good – God is the ultimate wisdom, the one and only source for the knowledge. â€Å"It would have been simple for the Prophets of ancient Israel to say that evil issues from another source, that God is not responsible for it†6.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, each event in people’s lives comes from the Lord, and must be accepted as such. â€Å"Our absolute certainty that God is One and the Creator of all things, the Prophet proclaimed, ‘I am the Lord, who do all these things’ (Isaiah 45:67)†7. Thus, Heschel interprets Holocaust as the event that was to be treated as an ordeal sent from the heavens above. Criticize Me Fairly: Being Objective Was Heschel’s critics of Buber justified? It can be considered that the author did have a point, claiming that Buber had gone too far in his demands to know the ultimate truth. It seems that the attempts to cognize God and His reasons are doomed to failure. Possessing the wisdom of the eternity, God is the most sacred mystery Himself, and there is no use trying to discover the essence of His being – that is something that is beyond a man’s understanding. Therefore, even in the hardest times, a man has no right to claim that the tortures (s)he suffe rs certify that God does not exist. As Heschel explained further on in his book, â€Å"At times we must believe in Him in spite of Him, to continue being a witness despite Him hiding Himself. What experience fails to convey, prayer brings about. Prayer prevails over the despair†8. Therefore, Heschel’s arguments against the viewpoint of Buber seem rather well-grounded. Indeed, the very idea of faith believes without demanding to offer any solid proof; otherwise, the essence of the faith would be ruined. Considering the idea from such viewpoint, Heschel is obviously right about claiming that Buber misunderstands the purpose of the complicacies that people have t face in their lives. Heschel turns the faith into the light that people have to follow in order to pass the ordeals and get closer to the point of their living. However, it must be admitted that the argumentation of Buber does make sense as well. Indeed, without feeling any tangible feedback and suffering from im mense pain, either bodily or within his/her soul, one night start despairing. This might result in the idea that God is deaf to the pleas of the mere mortals, which, in its turn, will serve as the starting point for a man to lose the faith. Therefore, Buber’s arguments and his question filled with pain and the desire to understand, Do we stand overcome before the hidden face of God like the tragic hero of the Greeks before faceless fate? No, rather even not we contend, we too, with God, even with Him, the Lord of Being, whom we once, we here, chose for our Lord9,seem to be filled with profound ideas as well. Yet the despair that his words are shot through is rather the sign of the faith leaving a man. â€Å"The judge of all earth, will He not do the justice?!†10, Buber cries out, which shows the lack of belief. Hole-ridden, the arguments of Buber cannot be taken as the sufficient proof for his theory. Conclusion: Where the Truth Is According to Heschel, once a man star ts believing in God, there is no power that can stop him. It seems that, in contrast to the ideas of Buber, which are based on the desire to understand the origins of the divine and the motifs of the catastrophes that people have to suffer, Heschel’s point of view is filled with the air of the true spirituality. In addition, the arguments driven by Heschel are much more impressive than the ones that Buber suggests. Applying to people’s faith, Heschel gives them the reason to make their faith ever stronger, whereas Buber seeds the doubt – something that undermines the belief. Therefore, it can be considered that Heschel’s argumentation is much more convincing than the one of Buber. Only believing, a man can overcome the grief and pain. Giving people the opportunity to believe, Heschel seems to convey the most reasonable idea in this argument. Bibliogrpahy Buber, Martin. â€Å"The between Heaven and Earth† On Judaism. New York, NY: Schocken Books, 19 67. Heschel, Abraham Joshua. â€Å"The Kotzker and Job† A Passion for Truth. Woodstock, VT: Jewish Lights Publishing, 1995. Footnotes 1. Abraham Joshua Heschel. â€Å"The Kotzker and Job† in A Passion for Truth (Woodstock, VT: Jewish Lights Publishing, 1995), 101 2. Martin Buber. â€Å"The between Heaven and Earth† in On Judaism (New York, NY: Schocken Books, 1967), 89 3. Martin Buber. â€Å"The between Heaven and Earth† in On Judaism (New York, NY: Schocken Books, 1967), 89 4. Abraham Joshua Heschel. â€Å"The Kotzker and Job† in A Passion for Truth (Woodstock, VT: Jewish Lights Publishing, 1995), 102 5. Abraham Joshua Heschel. â€Å"The Kotzker and Job† in A Passion for Truth (Woodstock, VT: Jewish Lights Publishing, 1995), 102 6. Abraham Joshua Heschel. â€Å"The Kotzker and Job† in A Passion for Truth (Woodstock, VT: Jewish Lights Publishing, 1995), 7. Abraham Joshua Heschel. â€Å"The Kotzker and Job† in A Passion for Trut h (Woodstock, VT: Jewish Lights Publishing, 1995), 102 8. Abraham Joshua Heschel. â€Å"The Kotzker and Job† in A Passion for Truth (Woodstock, VT: Jewish Lights Publishing, 1995), 108 9. Martin Buber. â€Å"The between Heaven and Earth† in On Judaism (New York, NY: Schocken Books, 1967), 89 10. Martin Buber. â€Å"The between Heaven and Earth† in On Judaism (New York, NY: Schocken Books, 1967), 89 This essay on Heschel vs. Buber: The Long-Lasting Debates was written and submitted by user BartRozum to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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buy custom Admission Services essay Liberal art is the most intriguing field that I have come across. With a passion for this field, I have taken positive and significant steps to pursue my interest in this field. While at Covenant University, Nigeria, my ability to work hard and learn quickly enabled me to make a starling performance not to mentioning earning several awards in my department. Despite my graduation from college, I realized that was some depth of knowledge that required more exploration beyond what I had achieved. This realization was confirmed when I joined a Nigerian bank as an intern. Working as inter earned me a vast and a unique experience because of my interactions with top management and attendance of regional conferences, but it also made me see the missing link at the business level. From my perspective, many graduates exemplified the ability to view complex business problemsa products of graduate programs, which narrowed a students perspective in a single discipline. Nonetheless, I am confident that my pursuit of the masters degree in communication will acquire more knowledge and skills by going through a broad, idealistic and liberating education. My decision to pursue a Masters in Communication stems from value of communication graduate in solves problems in various disciplines. Increasingly, it is becoming necessary for graduates to slve problems facing various institutions by looking at the big picture from various perspectives. With my acceptance into the program, I look forward to acquire skills and knowledge on how to draw conclusions with information from a variety of source, and communicate them effectively. This way, my skill set as an employee will be of immense value that will attract potential employers to me. The accreditation of Winthrop University is one of the reasons that motivate my application for consideration in the Masters in Communication program. In the recent survey by the WiseChoice Research, Winthrop University inclusion in the Top Ten Value Schools signals the University's commitment to offering quality and tailor-made education. In addition, the recognition of the university as a states top-rated university underscores the universities committal to accountability at all ranks. Indeed, I feel compelled to be part of this institution where I can glean from the best practices in the University, as well as earn a degree that will garner a wide acceptance upon my graduation. With my desire to meet high standards of learning and academic performance, I see Winthrop as a perfect match for me. I am convinced that Winthrop has the best curriculum that has been tailored to show the changing industry trends. A curriculum taught by qualified faculty members not to mention incorporating latest skills and industry trends. Being part of the masters student in Winthrop will give me an opportunity to acquire up-to-date knowledge that will enhance my competency in the field. Upon my completion of course, I see myself in a workplace where I solve complex problems that challenge my intellect and psyche my imagination. With a background where I have demonstrated industriousness in academic, I believe that I am well equipped to glean from all teaching and learning interactions that will transpire during my tenure at Winthrop. As Aristotle noted, "We are what we repeatedly do. As a student in Winthrop University, I am positive that startling performance will transcend the classroom level. To be specific, I am eager to work with students and faculty members from diverse ethnicity and contribute towards the diversity of the university. In addition, I look forward to horn my communication skills by engaging in meaningful interaction with the school community. Equally important, I am confident that my interpersonal and human skills will allow me to take on various leadership positions that may arise during my tenure at Winthrop. Ultimately, I am confident that I will graduate a unique employee with skills and experience that are being sought by employees. Because of this, I cannot wait to be part of the universities community. Buy custom Admission Services essay

Seth Godin and his impact on modern marketing practices Research Paper

Seth Godin and his impact on modern marketing practices - Research Paper Example In fact, Godin has introduced the concept that marketing can play two key roles – in addition to its existing functions worldwide. It is explained that marketing can be used in order to sell products/ services to people of quite low income – reference is made to the markets of the emerging countries where the average level of income is quite low, compared to the developed countries (Fawkes 2010). It is further emphasized that the exclusive use of marketing in developed countries cannot be considered as acceptable leading to the promotion of social exclusion and discrimination. Instead, marketing should be also used in emerging economies for promoting products that are aligned with local needs. Another characteristic of the views of Godin on marketing is the following one: Godin believes that marketing is not just a business activity; rather it is a framework that can ‘change the world’ (Fawkes 2010). This target is achieved, in accordance with Godin, in the following way: by improving the quality of products sold, entrepreneurs increase their chances for success; if the products offered in the market are of good quality, consumers are more likely to buy them developing a trend based on the increase of quality/demand, as a characteristic of modern market. The existing practice of low price/ low quality products would be then eliminated changing market values and trends. At the next level, Godin supports that the individual who wishes to develop his career in marketing should start working on the specific field independently; then, he can try to enter a firm that operates in the particular sector; as Godin states ‘if you get great at it, you’ll discover jobs find you’ (Sakas 2010). Also, Godin considers marketing as a responsibility, and not as a right... To the question of Rachelle Money how his involvement in marketing is explained, Godin refers to one of his key characteristics: he ‘enjoys watching his ideas spread’ (Money 2008). It is perhaps in this context that Godin has tried, successfully, to develop terms that represent key marketing functions and characteristics. Through the issues highlighted above it is made clear that the success of Godin in the area of marketing can be considered as resulted because of the interaction of many different factors: personal views, experiences and knowledge. In accordance with the issues discussed above, the main difference between Godin and the supporters of the traditional marketing theorists are their views on the role of consumer in the success of a marketing campaign. As Godin highlighted, the success of each marketing strategy is depended on its ability to address the needs of consumer – a fact that should be made clear to the customer, not just hypothesized. The success of Godin in the particular field is related with a series of facts: a) the level of his knowledge on marketing – Godin holds a Stanford MBA, b) his long term experience in marketing – referring to his work as ‘a marketing director of Whole Food Market and vice-president of the direct marketing department in Yahoo’ (Business Week 2008), c) his innovative ideas on marketing, as explained above, which have introduced the following trend: marketing campaigns are aligned with the preferences of customers and not with the need of busine sses for improving their performance. Moreover, Godin has helped towards the improvement of existing marketing concepts; indeed, the views of Godin, as reflected in his Permission Marketing concept, has been the basis for the update of common marketing policies, like the e-mail marketing and the content marketing, in the context described above.

Nazi Germany in Animation Works from 40s-60s Research Paper

Nazi Germany in Animation Works from 40s-60s - Research Paper Example This was known as the Thaumatrope (Lenburg 272). This led to a series of progression in how the animations operated. Animations have been used since time immemorial to depict different aspects of human life. This ranges from people, scenarios, and events in the past, present and projected ones in the future. Use of animation has proved to be effective and has come in handy where there is no video. However, animations have also been used to propagate vices such as racism and hate speech. Many studios have produced animations with a massive amount of racist work. One of the notable cases is the racist animation used to depict Nazi Germany by Americans. This was in the period of 1940 to 1960 immediately after the 2nd world war (Langman 22). This paper shall thus reference into the investigation of the old animation works that occurred during the 1940s through to the 1960s over the massive amounts of the racist content that they showed. The paper shall also focus on the Nazi Germany and the manner by which the animations were depicted and were used. Again, information of how the Nazi Germany brought in the same issues affecting animation studios in America shall be investigated. The reaction to the audience to the racist animations shall also be compared to the present day where these works have been banned. Between 1933 and 1945, Adolf Hitler ruled Germany through the Nazi party. Germany, at this time was referred to as Nazi Germany or Third Reich. Nazi Germany was responsible for the launching of the Second World War in the larger Europe. It was also responsible for the Holocaust, which led to the death of many Jews living in Europe and other minor tribes. Racism was quite rampant in the Nazi Germany. The Nazis believed that some races were better than other was. Their racist stand was known, but nobody expected they would actually turn against their own people whom they ruled. Hitler had plainly made known his hatred for the Jews. This is why immediately he got to power; he spearheaded the movement against them, which led to the holocaust. Hitler would blame the Jews for all misfortunes in Germany. According to him, they had lost the 1st world war because of a conspiracy by the Jews. He also claimed that the Jews had attempted to destroy Germany, which led to the hyper inflation in 1923. In January 1933, the Jews were labeled sub humans (Mauch, Christof & Kiran 201). Germans could no longer buy from Jewish shops as they were marked with the yellow Star of David. Soldiers were placed at the doors to make sure no one entered these shops. This was an attempt to drive the Jews into Bankruptcy. Jews were hard working and had earned many fortunes with time. The racism became worse when Jews had to sit on chairs marked for them in public places such as schools and bus parks. In schools, the teachers would openly ridicule Jewish children. The racism became worse in 1935. The law of Nuremberg was passed making Jews lose their right as German citize ns (Mauch, Christof & Kiran 223). Marriages between Jews and non-Jews were prohibited, and from this point on, violence against the Jews became intense. Since this period, and after the Second World War, short animations produced from various studios focused on racist content works. Many of these focused on the Nazi Germany. There were various charges against Disney. It was claimed that Disney was a Nazi.

Micro-structure and Mechanical Properties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Micro-structure and Mechanical Properties - Essay Example The metallic bonds ensure enhances the strength of the metals. Metals exhibit different levels of strength especially when they are subjected to heat. Mechanical properties of ceramics. The thermal properties of ceramics, on the other hand, are normally determined by the type of bonding present and the number of existing bonds in the ceramic material. The bonds found in ceramic materials are covalent bonds. The toughness of ceramics decreases with increase in temperature as the bonds become weaker. This is because the bond is weakened by the vibrating atoms due to heat and vice versa. Ceramics show a number of optical characteristics such as transparency, translucency, and color which are dependent on the visible light interaction with pigments. The presence of light increases its brittleness significantly. Mechanical properties of polymers. Polymers show different levels of strength particularly tensile strength and flexural strength. Unreinforced polymers normally have a tensile st rength of 10-100Mpa. Polymers also have different levels of elongation which is the change that occurs on the shape of the polymer as a result of stretching due to change in temperature.The change in microstructure makes Polymers have different values of the modulus. Polymers lose their toughness when subjected to high temperatures and become brittle when subjected to sub zero temperatures. This is as a result of the strengthening of the covalent bonds between molecules. To enhance strength polymers should be subjected to low temperatures.

Virginia Woolf | A Modernist Perspective

Virginia Woolf | A Modernist Perspective Virginia Woolfs novels incorporate the quintessential elements of the modern experience. I will explore the literary expression of these characteristics in relation to three of Woolfs novels: Mrs Dalloway, The Waves and To the Light House. Firstly, I will analyse the modernist perspective in relation to form, narrative technique, structural dynamic, gender etc. I will also investigate Woolfs materialization of time and how its constant reflections on the past incorporate a manifestation with the progression of actuality. I will also deconstruct the thematic ideologies envisioned in Woolfs texts and relate them to the exhibition of contemporary being. This part of the dissertation will focus centrally on the technical and modernist aspects of Woolfs writings The second part of the thesis will conceptualize the sociological and political background of Woolfs narratives. I will unravel the historical constructions and implications of her compositions. I will explore the concrete reality and the space that occupies the fictional fabrications of her novels. I will analyse Woolfs encapsulation of the city as a medium that shapes and conceptualizes aesthetic experience. I will explore her representations of the urban landscape and social environment and relate them to the theoretical investigations promulgated by critical interpretations of the metropolis. I will also analyze Woolfs exhibition of the city as a transitionary space in which sociological models are deconstructed and materialized. 3) Structure Introduction: Woolf as the quintessential modernist. This particular chapter will explore the general interpretations and influences of the modernist writer. It will offer an overview and introduction of Woolfs works. I will explore Woolfs idiosyncratic depictions of reality and how this complex process became the central preoccupations of the 19th century modernist writer. I will also deconstruct the radical innovations of the modernist experience and how these cultural, political, economical and historical productions destabilized the conventional constructs of actuality. Chapter 1: Past as a continuous presence, literary experiments with time: the experience of linear temporality and contemporary being in Virginia Woolfs novels. In this chapter I will analyze the influential dynamic of the past and how its materialization can formulate contemporary moments of temporality. I will particularly examine Mrs Dalloway. I will investigate the modernist production and representations of psychological and impersonal time. This chapter will incorporate a variety of critical theorist such as Henri Bergson and how his theoretical implications and materializations of time had consequential implications on the modernist aesthetic. Chapter 2: Experimental perspectives: the exploration of modern representations of the unconscious in Virginia Woolfs The Waves. This chapter will incorporate an exploration of the subjective experience presented in Woolfs narrative. I will investigate the exposition of Woolfs stream of consciousness technique and its consequential implications on the aspects and productions of the modernist experience. Chapter 3: Historical representations: a panoramic view of class and social structure in Woolfs Mrs Dalloway I will explore the social dynamic of Woolfs novels in this third chapter. I hope to encapsulate an entire perspective and viewpoint of the social world of Woolfs narratives. I will explore the social relationships that are represented in the text in particular in Mrs Dalloway. Chapter 4: The City as an aesthetic experience: metropolitan modernity in Woolfs novels. In this chapter I will incorporate an intense investigation on the depiction of the urban landscape displayed in Woolfs novels. I will uncover the aesthetic perspectives of the metropolis and consider its dynamic as a fluctuating and transformative space. I will also examine the different forms in which she presents the city as an aesthetic, irresolute and wavering experience. Chapter 5: A feminist critique: understanding Woolfs perspective. This particular chapter will offer an exploration on Woolfs representations and constructions of gender relations. I will also investigate the depictions of gender stereotypes in relation to class division and structure. Working Bibliography Ayers, David, Modernism: A Short Introduction. Blackwell, 2004. Print. Black, N. Virginia Woolf as feminist. Cornell University Press, 2004 Bradbury, Malcolm James McFarlane, eds. Modernism: 1830-1930. Penguin, 1976. Print. Bridge, Gary Sophie Watson. The Blackwell City Reader. Blackwell, 2002. Print. Briggs, J. Reading Virginia Woolf. Edinburgh University Press, 2006. Print. Brooker, Peter. Geographies of Modernism. Routledge, 2005. Print. Coverley, Merlin, London Writing. Pocket Essentials, 2005. Print. Cuddy-Keane, Melba, Virginia Woolf, the Intellectual, and the Public Sphere. Cambridge UP, 2003.Print. De Certeau. Michel, The Practice of Everyday Life. California UP, 1988. Print. DeBord, Guy, The Society of the Spectacle. Rebel Press, 1992. Print. Dettmar, Kevin. Rereading the new: a backward glance at modernism. University of Michigan Press, 1992. Print Eysteinsson, Astradur. The Concept of Modernism. Cornell UP, 1990. Print. Faulkner, Peter, Modernism. Routledge, 1990. Print. Froula, Christine, Virginia Woolf and the Bloomsbury Avant-Garde: War, Civilization, Modernity . Columbia UP, 2005. Print. Goldman, J. The feminist aesthetics of Virginia Woolf: modernism, post-impressionism and the politics of the visual. University Press, 2001. Print. Goldman, Jane, Modernism, 1910-1945: Image to Apocalypse. Palgrave, 2003.Print. Goldman, Jane, The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf .Cambridge U P, 2006. Print. Hanson, Clare, Virginia Woolf . Macmillan, 1994. Print Humm, M. Modernist women and visual cultures: Virginia Woolf, Vanessa Bell, photography, and cinema. Rutgers University Press, 2003. Print. Kern, Stephen, The Culture of Time and Space, 1880-1918. Harvard UP, 1983. Print. Kolocotroni, Vassili et al (eds), Modernism: An Anthology. Edinburgh UP, 1998. Print. Lee, Hermione, Virginia Woolf . Chatto and Windus, 1996. Print. Lee, Hermoine. The novels of Virginia Woolf. Taylor Francis, 1977. Print. Lefebvre, Henri, The Production of Space. Blackwell, 1991. Print. Levenson, Michael, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Modernism. Cambridge UP, 1998. Matz, Jesse. The modern novel: a short introduction. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. Print. Nicholls, Peter, Modernisms: A Literary Guide. Macmillan, 1995. Print. Olsen, Donald J., The City as a Work of Art .Yale UP, 1986. Print. Rainey, Lawrence, Modernism: An Anthology . Blackwell, 2005.Print. Scott, Bonnie Kime.,ed. The Gender of Modernism: A Critical Anthology . Indiana UP, 1990. Print. Squier, Susan Merrill, Virginia Woolf and London: The Sexual Politics of the City. North Carolina UP, 1985. Print. Stevenson, R. Modernist fiction: an introduction. University Press of Kentucky, 1992. Print. Weston, Richard, Modernism. Phaidon, 1996.Print. Whitworth, Michael. H. Virginia Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2005. Print. Williams, Raymond, The Politics of Modernism. Verso, 1989. Print. Wilson, Jean Moorcroft, Virginia Woolf: Life and London. Woolf, 1987. Print. Wolfreys, Julian, Writing London: Materiality, Memory, Spectrality, Vol.2. Palgrave, 2004. Print. Woolf, Virginia. To the lighthouse. Oxford University Press, 2006. Print. Woolf, Virginia. Mrs Dalloway. Penguin Woolf, Virginia. The Waves. Collectors library, 2003. Zwerdling, Alex. Virginia Woolf and the Real World.University of California Press, 1987. Print. Articles Abbott H. P. Character and Modernism: Reading Woolf Writing Woolf New Literary History, 24.2, Reconsiderations (Spring, 1993): 393-405 Banfield, Ann. Time Passes: Virginia Woolf, Post-Impressionism, and Cambridge Time Poetics Today, 24. 3, Theory and History of Narrative (2003): 471-516 Brian Phillips Reality and Virginia Woolf Reality and Virginia Woolf The Hudson Review, 56.3 (2003): 415-430 King, James. Review: Wallowing in Woolf Molly HiteReviewed work(s): Virginia Woolf The Womens Review of Books,13.2 (1995): 5-6 Paul Tolliver Brown Relativity, Quantum Physics, and Consciousness in Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse Journal of Modern LiteratureHYPERLINK http://muse.jhu.edu.eproxy.ucd.ie/journals/journal_of_modern_literature/toc/jml.32.3.html, 32.3. (2HYPERLINK http://muse.jhu.edu.eproxy.ucd.ie/journals/journal_of_modern_literature/toc/jml.32.3.html009):39-62 Pawlowski, Merry M. Virginia Woolfs Veil: The Feminist Intellectual and the Organization of Public Space MFS Modern Fiction StudiesHYPERLINK http://muse.jhu.edu.eproxy.ucd.ie/journals/modern_fiction_studies/toc/mfs53.4.html, 53. 4. (HYPERLINK http://muse.jhu.edu.eproxy.ucd.ie/journals/modern_fiction_studies/toc/mfs53.4.html2007): 722-751. Seshagiri, Urmila. Orienting Virginia Woolf: Race, Aesthetics, and Politics in To the Lighthouse. MFS Modern Fiction StudiesHYPERLINK http://muse.jhu.edu.eproxy.ucd.ie/journals/modern_fiction_studies/toc/mfs50.1.html, 50.1. (HYPERLINK http://muse.jhu.edu.eproxy.ucd.ie/journals/modern_fiction_studies/toc/mfs50.1.html2004) 58-84 Taylor, Chloe .Kristevan Themes in Virginia WoolfHYPERLINK http://www.jstor.org.eproxy.ucd.ie/stable/3831688?Search=yessearchText=woolfsearchText=virginialist=hidesearchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=virginia+woolfacc=onwc=onprevSearch=item=3ttl=15185returnArticleService=showFullTextHYPERLINK http://www.jstor.org.eproxy.ucd.ie/stable/3831688?Search=yessearchText=woolfsearchText=virginialist=hidesearchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=virginia+woolfacc=onwc=onprevSearch=item=3ttl=15185returnArticleService=showFullTexts HYPERLINK http://www.jstor.org.eproxy.ucd.ie/stable/3831688?Search=yessearchText=woolfsearchText=virginialist=hidesearchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=virginia+woolfacc=onwc=onprevSearch=item=3ttl=15185returnArticleService=showFullTextHYPERLINK http://www.jstor.org.eproxy.ucd.ie/stable/3831688?Search=yessearchText=woolfsearchText=virginialist=hidesearchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=virginia+woolfacc=onwc=onprevSearch=item=3ttl=15185returnArticleService=showFullTextThe WavesHYPERLINK http://www.jstor.org.eproxy.ucd.ie/stable/3831688?Search=yessearchText=woolfsearchText=virginialist=hidesearchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=virginia+woolfacc=onwc=onprevSearch=item=3ttl=15185returnArticleService=showFullText . Journal of Modern Literature, 29.3 (2006): 57-77

The Adventure of the Speckled Band by Sir Arthur Conan-Doyle (1892), :: English Literature

The Adventure of the Speckled Band by Sir Arthur Conan-Doyle (1892), The Ostler by Wilkie Collins (1855), and The Signalman by Charles Dickens (1864). All of these are mystery stories How do the writers try to create excitement, mystery and suspense? Which of the stories you have read was the most successful and why? I have chosen to write about three stories – ‘The Adventure of the Speckled Band’ by Sir Arthur Conan-Doyle (1892), ‘The Ostler’ by Wilkie Collins (1855), and ‘The Signalman’ by Charles Dickens (1864). All of these are mystery stories that have been written in a similar way, with classic ‘mystery and suspense’ techniques. These stories were all written in the nineteenth century, and reflect this period with the use of old language and settings. Also the use of horses & carriage and the disadvantage of there being no electricity. Many archaisms are used in all three of the stories and these reflect the period. Nobody would use such language today, which also helps to draw the reader into the story because the reader has to concentrate on the complicated language and long sentences. The narrative structure in ‘The Signalman’ and ‘The Ostler’ is very similar, with both narrators reliving the stories and telling them to the reader, where as, in the ‘Speckled Band’, the reader seems to be being told the story as it happens. In the ‘Speckled Band’ even though he is speaking from a time after the events of the story Dr Watson tells us the story as it happens so you feel included, as though you are there in the story with the characters. This also makes the story seem more believable – factual rather than fictional – that it actually happened and that Dr Watson was there. This allows us to share his thoughts and feelings to further include us in the story. For example ‘I find many tragic, some comic, a large number merely strange.’ This shows us Dr Watson’s feelings. Sherlock Holmes is one of the main characters in this story and he is very well known for his success as a detective. He is visited by a young woman (Helen Stoner), who needs his help after the very sudden and unexplained death of her sister, as she is worried for her own safety. This character actually narrates the first part of the story (after Watson’s introduction), while she tells Sherlock Holmes of the unsolved mystery. Her story is told in first person narrative so the reader relives the time when her sister dies. Pathetic fallacy is again used to create an ideal setting for a murder.

Corruption in local government Essay

Corruption simply means dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those who are in power. Corruption is the evil which lead to the economic social and moral problems of a country. The man is greedy in nature so that’s why he desire more and more and for achieving his desire, sometime he chooses the path which is against his moral standards we have so many examples of corrupt people in the world. Corruption is the mother of all evils. Corruption has done a deplorable situation in the country. There are various forms of corruption such as bribery, nepotism and extortion which is deeply penetrated in our social system. There are many types of corruption like Political corruption, Systematic corruption, Organizational corruption, Judiciary corruption, Social corruption and many others. In Pakistan all these types of corruption have been done. Corruption has become very common thing in our social and political culture. All the important individuals of the society like Government and private employees are involved in corruption. The rising level of corruption has given many problems like depression ad sense of insecurity. Every department is involved in corruption. Due to corruption common people are deprived of their basic rights. Corruption can only be eradicated if there are honest people on senior government seats. These days Pakistan is in terrible situation because there is too much corruption in Pakistan. Every department is corrupt and not performing their duty with honesty. Due to this evil of corruption people cannot get their basis rights. The funds and money that should be spend to provide facilities to the people, they are gone in corruption. The development projects are incomplete due to corruption. Corruption has many bad effects in the lives of common people. There are many effects of corruption. Corruption give birth to many evils in the society and causing many problems to the country and the citizens of the county some of them are listed like It leads†¦

Free Essays on God And My Dad

. "I have to lead my life in faith, without seeing Him" 2 Cor. v. 7 And Hab. 2 v. 3 "Though it tarry, wait for it" For a time we are conscious of God's attentions, then, when God begins to use us in His enterprises, we take on a pathetic look and talk of the trails and the difficulties, and all the time God is trying to make us do our duty as obscure people. None of us would be obscure spiritually if we could help it. Can we do our duty as obscure people. Can we do our duty when God has shut up heaven? Some of us always want to be illuminated saints with golden haloes and the flush of inspiration, and to have the saints of God dealing with us all the time. A gilt-edged saint is no good, he is abnormal, unfit for daily life, and altogether unlike God. We are here as men and women, Not as half-fledged angels, To do the work of the world, and to do it with an infinitely greater power to stand the turmoil because we have been born from above. Though it tarry, Patience is not indifference: patience conveys the ides of an immensely strong rock withstanding all onslaughts. The vision of God is the source of patience, because it imparts a moral inspiration. Daniel endured, not because he had a vision of God. He â€Å"endured, as seeing Him Who is invisible.† A man with the vision of God in not devoted to a cause or to any particular issue: he is devoted to God Himself. You always know when the vision is of God because of the inspiration that comes with it: Things come with largeness and tonic to the life because everything is energized by God. If God gives you a time spiritually, as He gave his Son actually, of temptation in the wilderness, with no word from Himself at all, endure, and the power to endure is there because you see God. If we try to re-introduce the rare moments of inspiration, it is a sign that it is not God we want. We are making a fetish of the moments when God ... Free Essays on God And My Dad Free Essays on God And My Dad When I reflect on Chapters 1 & 2 I think of Pauls words. "I have to lead my life in faith, without seeing Him" 2 Cor. v. 7 And Hab. 2 v. 3 "Though it tarry, wait for it" For a time we are conscious of God's attentions, then, when God begins to use us in His enterprises, we take on a pathetic look and talk of the trails and the difficulties, and all the time God is trying to make us do our duty as obscure people. None of us would be obscure spiritually if we could help it. Can we do our duty as obscure people. Can we do our duty when God has shut up heaven? Some of us always want to be illuminated saints with golden haloes and the flush of inspiration, and to have the saints of God dealing with us all the time. A gilt-edged saint is no good, he is abnormal, unfit for daily life, and altogether unlike God. We are here as men and women, Not as half-fledged angels, To do the work of the world, and to do it with an infinitely greater power to stand the turmoil because we have been born from above. Though it tarry, Patience is not indifference: patience conveys the ides of an immensely strong rock withstanding all onslaughts. The vision of God is the source of patience, because it imparts a moral inspiration. Daniel endured, not because he had a vision of God. He â€Å"endured, as seeing Him Who is invisible.† A man with the vision of God in not devoted to a cause or to any particular issue: he is devoted to God Himself. You always know when the vision is of God because of the inspiration that comes with it: Things come with largeness and tonic to the life because everything is energized by God. If God gives you a time spiritually, as He gave his Son actually, of temptation in the wilderness, with no word from Himself at all, endure, and the power to endure is there because you see God. If we try to re-introduce the rare moments of inspiration, it is a sign that it is not God we want. We are making a fetish of the moments when God ...

Examine how Shakespeare explores the role of women in Hamlet Essays

Examine how Shakespeare explores the role of women in Hamlet Essays Examine how Shakespeare explores the role of women in Hamlet Paper Examine how Shakespeare explores the role of women in Hamlet Paper Frailty, thy name is woman Hamlet famously exclaims in the first act of William Shakespeares longest drama, and one of the most probing plays ever to be performed on stage. It was written around the year 1600 in the final years of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, an era of real uncertainty and confusion; while the prospect of Elizabeths death and the question of who would succeed her brought grave anxiety to the nation as a whole, the rise of the Renaissance movement gave rise to many challenges and unanswered questions to the old ideals and beliefs that were for such a long time embedded in every Englishmans soul and mind. Women during that time had no role in society; traditionally, they occupied different spheres to men and so were expected to be completely obedient to their husbands, to do all the house duties and to raise their children up on the very same image of society at the time. In Hamlet, through the characters of Gertrude and Ophelia, Shakespeare reflects on this truth: both are disrespected, insulted, abused and manipulated by the leading male characters, and both die due to tragic circumstances. Thus, through the illustration of the two characters, Queen Gertrude and Ophelia, Shakespeare is able to explore the role of women in society, touching on many controversial contemporary issues under the mask of beautifully constructed lies of poetry and an unpredictable cycle of events, which tragically ends with the deaths of two of Shakespeares most infamous female characters. The use of Ophelia in Hamlet explores the idea of women as mere objects and pawns for others to use through the word love. Throughout the play, Ophelia is subjected to Hamlets abuse and madness as well as her own obedience to those of authority without real compensation or gratitude. The verbal abuse and manipulation that Hamlet puts Ophelia through as well as the ploy that Claudius and Polonius subject to her are examples of the extent to which men will use women in the name of love to benefit themselves. While such treatment would be shocking to a modern audience, in Shakespearean times the reality of the situation was, for most women, men did act in very much the same way Polonius does to his daughter Ophelia for example, or the way Hamlet treats his mother in the closet scene. One of the dramatic climaxes of the play, the closet scene provides an important insight into Gertrudes character and the way she, like Ophelia, is largely influenced by the male characters in the play. For Gertrude, the scene progresses as a sequence of great shocks, each of which weaken her resistance to Hamlets condemnation of her behaviour; she is haughty at the beginning, then afraid that Hamlet will hurt her, shocked and upset when Hamlet kills Polonius, overwhelmed by fear and panic as Hamlet accosts her and disbelieving when Hamlet sees the ghost. Finally, she is contrite towards her son and apparently willing to take his part and help him, having been convinced by Hamlets power of feeling. This illustrates what many critics have felt to be her central characteristic: her tendency to be dominated by powerful men and her need for men to show her what to think and how to feel. From this interpretation, it is easy to see why Gertrude would have turned to Claudius so soon after her husbands death, and also why she so quickly adopts Hamlets point of view in the closet scene. Moreover, it is perhaps due to her powerful instinct for self-preservation and advancement that leads Gertrude to rely too deeply on men. Not only does this interpretation explain her behaviour throughout much of the play, it also links her thematically to Ophelia, the plays other important female character, who is also submissive and utterly dependent on men. In act one scene three, almost as soon as Laertes finishes lecturing his sister about her sexuality, her father, Polonius gives Ophelia his advice about the matter as well. Here, Ophelia is what Feminist critic, Elaine Showalter, calls a consistent study in psychological intimidation, a girl terrified of her father, of her lover, and of life itself. In his movie Kenneth Branagh presents Ophelia as an intimidated victim. Polonius scoffs at Ophelias suggestion that Hamlets interest in her is romantic, and instead warns her that she had better not make him the grandfather of a bastard grandchild. Branagh shoots this scene in a chapel which in itself had overtones of patriarchal religion, sin, and guilt, but Branagh also chooses to film Ophelia and Polonius behind barred doors. This visualization helps convey how trapped by the men in her life Ophelia feels. Before she can scarcely vocalize them, Ophelias feelings are immediately negated by her brother and father, and worse, her fathers interests seem to lie less with his daughters feelings but more with his own reputation. In addition to the oppression and control exerted on her, Ophelia suffers from the Hamlets manipulation of her mentality. In some ways, it seems that he does it for simple pleasure and in other situations it seems he is simply trying to gain knowledge about the murder. In the confrontation with Ophelia, Hamlet is very abusive. He first claims that he never loved her and that the remembrances were not sent by him. His words Get thee to a nunnery: why wouldst thou be a breeder of sinners? some critics argue, reflects some of the true characteristics of Hamlet, and the men in this play in general: an ability to be cruel, which is brought out here with much emphasis. Hamlet then proceeds with, Wheres your father? which reveals his sense of unease about something and that he perhaps knows that he is being set up. Hamlet claims that he loves Ophelia, yet he criticizes and chastises her to such an extent that may have helped promote her madness. At the Mousetrap play, Hamlet is extremely vile. He talks of Nothing and the implications of the word are crude. To see also the extremes by which Hamlet treats Ophelia is overwhelming. Prior to the play, he insults her terribly and then compliments her at the play, No, good mother, heres metal more attractive (3. 2. 95), only to chastise her once again. Ophelia, being of a lower class, does nothing to escape this persecution and Hamlet seems to know this; he therefore plays off this, especially in the presence of Polonius and Claudius. One interpretation of the way Hamlet treats Ophelia at the Mousetrap play, and later on the way he deals with his mother in the closet scene, goes back to the idea of how women in the 17th century were treated like pawns at the hand of powerful men; thus the manipulation and verbal abuse of Hamlet as well as the plan of Claudius and Polonius can be seen as realities to the way that men will treat a women for the benefit of themselves. Contrary to this interpretation, some critics have argued that for Hamlet, the reality of the situation means that (he) must be their scourge and minister, meaning that he finds himself in a position whereby it is his responsibility to act as Gods agent punishing the wronged one and helping them to repent. While in his abuse of Gertrude in the closet scene, Hamlet can be seen to be Machiavellian in his cunning, wanting her to confirm her knowledge of Claudius crime or to see if she was complicit to it, a contrasting interpretation finds that Hamlet confronts his mother purely for personal reasons. In his need to convince her of his sanity, of Claudius guilt, and in his need of her love and care, Hamlet reprimands her to make her see reality the way he sees it. He feels anger for what he sees as her betrayal of his father, but in the end, having won her heart and in accordance with the Ghosts advice, he is tender and caring, asking of his mother: Forgive me this my virtue, and explaining his actions in the words I must be cruel only to be kind. In light of this view, it is not unforeseen to see a modern audience sympathising with Hamlet; not only has his father been murdered, but that the murderer himself is now married with his mother. Thus, in some way or another, Hamlets anger can be justified, and his caring attitude to his mother at the end of the closet scene can be seen as an indication of his love and respect for her despite all the events that have occurred. Gertrudes reaction to the events in this scene brings about much debate between critics and commentators of this play. Despite Gertrudes sobbing which links acts three and four together, we never get a translation of these profound heaves; Gertrude does not share a soliloquy with the audience and thus we have little sense of her as an individual. While some critics have seized on this as an example of how very little Shakespeare developed his female characters, others have seen it as a deliberate move to leave the characters and later events of the play ambiguous to the audience. As Linda Charnes says No one in this play knows or understands anyone else. Just as Gertrudes personality is left unclear throughout the play, the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan holds that the most striking characteristic of Hamlets language is its ambiguity: everything he says is transmitted, in various degrees, through metaphor, simile and, above all, wordplay. Despite his seven soliloquies and the very many lines he takes up from the play, his utterances, in other words, have a hidden and latent meaning which often surpasses the apparent meaning, leaving him just as ambiguous as any other character. In conclusion, in many of Shakespeares plays, women, though all from a variety of situations, play important roles that determine the conclusion of the plays. Hamlet is no exception; while it is easy to see Gertrude and Ophelia as fringe characters, a closer look finds that they impact the course of events in many ways, and are used by Shakespeare to echo many hidden messages about society of the time. Although much of her character is left undeveloped, Gertrude nevertheless has a significant impact on both the plot and theme of this play. Tragically, she drinks the poison from the cup Claudius prepares for Hamlet as a show of her love and sacrifice for her son. Yet, it is through this act that we begin to understand Gertrude as a deeply misconstrued character, who is seemingly shallow but is actually intense in her feelings and emotions but perhaps feels she has to hide them because of her position in society. We also begin to understand that her frailty or tragic flaw that ultimately leads to her death is perhaps her propensity to be controlled by powerful men and her need for men to show her what to think and how to feel. Whether this is as a result of a fault in her personality or as a consequence of decades of women being oppressed and degraded by the males of society we can never be sure: Shakespeare does not pass judgement here and instead leaves Gertrudes personality deliberately ambiguous prompting much debate and argument among critics throughout the last century. However subtle, Ophelia too plays a significant role riddled with control, grief and vulnerability. She is made mad not only by circumstance but by something in herself. A personality forced into such deep hiding that it has seemed almost vacant, has all the time been so open to impressions that they now usurp her reflexes and take possession of her. She has loved, or been prepared to love, the wrong man; her father has brought disaster onto himself, and she has no mother and thus she is terribly lonely. Thus, in many ways Ophelia is the quintessence of the impact societys mistreatment of women and the deprivation of their rights as human beings has on each and every one of them. In her meek conformity, she lives in a meaningless world until her madness relieves her of the responsibility of language and she can ignore the speech of everyone else and herself speak whatever gibberish comes into her mind says one critic, Zulfikar Ghose, she is very much like a delicate, wilted, flower ruled by the men in her life, Ophelia, like many women at the time, was never allowed to blossom.

Health Promotion for Early Years Practitioners Essay

Health Promotion for Early Years Practitioners - Essay Example ..It is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources as well as physical capabilities (Health Promotion glossary, WHO, 1998). In the 1948 Constitution, WHO further declares that enjoying good health is the basic fundamental right of an individual, and the state must necessarily take measures to fulfil its obligation to this end. In context to child health WHO points out that â€Å"Healthy development of the child is of basic importance†, as good health during the formative years forms the foundation for a healthy adulthood. The state must make available to all its citizens the basic resources for medical, psychological well being and all relevant information that aims to achieve good health; and here there must not be any distinctions, based on â€Å"race, religion, political belief, economic, or social condition.† However in this context it must be mentioned that health is not only an obligation solely on the state; but there must also be an active coop eration and informed opinion based feedback from the general public that would help the state to function even more effectively. â€Å"Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health† (Health Promotion glossary, WHO, 1998). Health promotion is an ongoing process that reflects the social and political conditions pertinent to health conditions within a country. Promotions are not only aimed at improving individual health but are directed towards transforming the entire social-economic and the physical environmental conditions, so that is an overall improvement in the life qualities of the society as a whole. There are various socioeconomic factors of health, based on the economic and social conditions of different countries. WHO delineates the general factors that are necessary for achieving good health and these are: sufficient economic resources, adequate food and shelter, stable eco-system, sustainable natural resource s and their appropriate use., and in the process highlights the important yet complex links that exist between an individual’s socio-economic conditions, his physical environment, his lifestyle, and his health. A UK team of researchers identified the socioeconomic factors of health as: social/class gradient, social support, social exclusion, early life, work, joblessness, stress, food, transport, and addiction (Marmot and  Wilkinson, 2005). On the other hand, we find that the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  identifies socioeconomic factors of health as, social status, housing, transport, easy access to various services, bias on the basis of gender/ race/ or social standing, and various stressors (environmental or social) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). Models and approaches to health promotion: There are various models and approaches to the health promotion plans seen in different countries worldwide. Such variations are owing to the var ying socioeconomic factors that are seen worldwide that makes it necessary for each country to adopt a health promotion plan that is made suitable for its social, cultural and economic conditions. In this context we will examine some of the well known approaches to health promotions, commonly seen in practice worldwide. In the Ottawa Charter WHO identifies three basic approaches

Contract Creation and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Contract Creation and Management - Essay Example It also shows how serious the leasing contract is being broken. The executives of Quick Takes video are extremely much surprised on learning of the news of the lawsuit. They argue that the contract was not viable since they did not sign it as they are the owners of the company and that they had not authorized Janet, the secretary to sign any contract that was binding them with Non-Linear Pro in the leasing of the equipment. The Quick Takes Videos’ attorney argues that Janet was acting as an agent to the company, and thus the argument cannot work since an agent is permitted to conduct business on behalf of the principal who was away during that time. The executives also try to argue that Non-Linear Pro brought faulty junk equipment and hurriedly gave the secretary the contract to sign. Janet said that she signed the contract because she taught it was a delivery. The equipment that was brought was to be on a trial basis for a month, and then they would sign the lease. That was s upposed to be the agreement that was made by the Quick Takes Video executives and Non-Linear Pro. ... This shows how the Non linear Pro is misrepresenting its equipment and its product in general. The other issue is that the secretary of Quick Takes Video, Janet acted on behalf of the company’s executives in the level of an agent and signed the lease by mistake thinking it was a delivery paper that she signs all the time. She did not take her time to read what was in the paper before signing it. This in turn, is souring up the two company’s relationship and it is making it worse. One of Quick Takes Video executive Hal says that piece of equipment that was supplied by Non Linear was a piece of junk and that the equipment that was brought was supposed to be one month trial equipment and not the real lease. Administering of Contracts In this case, the executives of the Quick Takes Video did not define to Janet on who was responsible to signing off some specific contracts in the company. During creation of contracts and managing them, business owners are supposed to define to their employees on who is responsible for signing contracts that bind the company to legal terms. Quick Take Video should define to Janet on what her authority in the company actually is. She should be told on what contracts she is responsible for signing and which contracts are her natures of signing. In the video, the executive of Quick Takes is to blame since they directed the Non Linear Pro to finish all the arrangements with Janet. They did not however, limit the sales person that specific contractual signing was to be made by the executives alone. This is where the problem arose from. The Non Linear Pro sales person might have thought that Janet had the authority to sign off these contracts. On looking at both companies allegations against each other, they both have strong cases against